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<title>Eastern Catholic Churches</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Catholic Churches</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Eastern Churches in full communion within the Catholic Church. For other Eastern Christian churches, see <a href="Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>.</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1295905060">

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</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Eastern Catholic Churches</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div style="border:1;;height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div style="border:1;;height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div style="border:1;;height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div style="border:1;;height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise from top: <br><a href="St._George's_Cathedral%2C_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">St. George's Ukrainian Greek Catholic Cathedral</a>, <a href="Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Dormition" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition">Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchal Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady</a>, <a href="Kidane_Mehret_Cathedral" title="Kidane Mehret Cathedral">Kidane Mehret Eritrean Catholic Cathedral</a>, <a href="Cathedral_of_Saint_Elias_and_Saint_Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory the Illuminator">Armenian Catholic Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory the Illuminator</a>, <a href="Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary%2C_Pattom" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom">St. Mary's Syro-Malankara Catholic Cathedral</a>, <a href="Basilica_of_St._Mary%2C_Champakulam" title="Basilica of St. Mary, Champakulam">Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica of St. Mary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <a href="Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a> and<br> <a href="Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">Papal supremacy</a> - <a href="Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Communion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (religion)">Communion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Pope_Leo_XIV" title="Pope Leo XIV">Leo XIV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, <a href="Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, <a href="Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a>, <a href="Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a>, <a href="Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Arabic</a>, and vernaculars (<a href="Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, etc.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various <a href="Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> churches of the <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a>, and <a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> throughout the centuries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Branched from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">18 million<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris"><i>sui iuris</i></a><br>of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a> and Byzantine <a href="Patriarchal_cross" title="Patriarchal cross">Patriarchal cross</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

Particular churches are grouped by <a href="Liturgical_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical rite">liturgical rite</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold">

<a href="Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li>

<li><a href="Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold">

<a href="Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold">

<a href="Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold">

<a href="East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li>

<li><a href="Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold">

<a href="Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold">

<a href="West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">

<br><a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <br><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACatholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a><br><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AChristianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="St._Peter's_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold">

<a href="Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> (<a href="Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">timeline</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li>

<li><a href="Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li>

<li><a href="One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Organisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<li><a href="Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li>

<li><a href="College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li>

<li><a href="Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theologies</a></li><li>Doctrine</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

</p>

<li><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>

<ul><li><a href="God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantialitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li>

<li><a href="Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></li></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

<a href="Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><i><a href="Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Decalogus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Ex Cathedra</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Deificatio</a></i></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

<a href="Churches_Militant%2C_Penitent%2C_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Realms beyond the States of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li>

<li><a href="Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

<a href="Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

<a href="Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li>

<li><a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mater Dei</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li>

<li><a href="Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Titles_of_Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus" title="Titles of Mary, mother of Jesus">Titles</a>

<ul><li><a href="Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparition</a></li>

<li><a href="Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

<a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">Baptism of blood</a></li>

<li><a href="Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Divine grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Outside the Church there is no salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Vincible_and_invincible_ignorance" title="Vincible and invincible ignorance">Invincible ignorance</a></li>

<li><a href="Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li>

<li><a href="Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">Merit</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li>

<li><a href="Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li>

<li><a href="Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

<a href="Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li>

<li><a href="Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">Deposit of faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystical Body of Christ</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li>

<li><a href="People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Perfect community</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

<a href="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Other teachings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Morality</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li>

<li><a href="Predestination#Catholicism" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li>

<li><a href="Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>Official Bible</li></ul>

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Apostles'_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li>

<li><a href="Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Epistula Encyclica</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Catholic ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy%2C_theology%2C_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul>

<p><br>

Schools

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Qurobo" title="Holy Qurobo">Holy Qurobo</a></li>

<li><a href="Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li>

<li><a href="Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li>

<li><a href="Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotions</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgy</a>:</li></ul>

</div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Post-Vatican II</a></li>

<li><a href="Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><br><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>:</li></ul>

</div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a>

<ul><li><a href="West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_deism" title="Catholic Church and deism">Deism</a>/<a href="Christianity_and_pandeism#From_ancient_times_to_the_Enlightenment" title="Christianity and pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Monasticism</a></li></ul>

<p>Relations with:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a> (<a href="Catholicism_and_Zionism" title="Catholicism and Zionism">Zionism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Protestantism</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societal issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<li><a href="Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="Catholic Church and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a> <small>(<a href="Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">in the United States</a>)</small></li>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_and_gender_roles_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church">Sex and gender roles</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">the Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Links and resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

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<p>The <b>Eastern Catholic Churches</b> or <b>Oriental Catholic Churches</b>, also known as the <b>Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches</b>, <b>Eastern Rite Catholicism</b>, or simply the <b>Eastern Churches</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are 23 <a href="Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> autonomous (<i><a href="Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i>) <a href="Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> in <a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a>. Although they are distinct theologically, liturgically, and historically from the <a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, they are all in full communion with it and with each other. Eastern Catholics are a minority within the Catholic Church; of the 1.3 billion Catholics in communion with the pope, approximately 18 million are members of the eastern churches. The largest numbers of Eastern Catholics are found in <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>, the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="India" title="India">India</a>. As of 2022, the <a href="Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> is the largest Eastern Catholic Church, followed by the <a href="Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>With the exception of the <a href="Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, the Eastern Catholic Churches are groups that, at different points in the past, used to belong to the <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches, or the <a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>; these churches underwent various <a href="Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">schisms</a> through history. Eastern Catholic Churches that were formerly part of other communions have been points of controversy in <a href="Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">ecumenical relations with the Eastern Orthodox</a> and other non-Catholic churches. The five historic <a href="Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> traditions of Eastern Christianity, namely the <a href="Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a>, the <a href="Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a>, the <a href="Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, the <a href="East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>, and the <a href="West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a>, are all represented within <a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yurkus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yurkus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On occasion, this leads to a conflation of the liturgical word "rite" and the institutional word "church".<sup id="cite_ref-LaBanca_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaBanca-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Eastern Catholic jurisdictions admit members of churches not in communion with Rome to the <a href="Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and the other sacraments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Full communion with the bishop of Rome constitutes mutual sacramental sharing between the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Latin Church and the recognition of <a href="Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>. Provisions within the <a href="1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Latin canon law</a> and the 1990 <i><a href="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i> govern the relationship between the Eastern and Latin churches. Historically, pressure to conform to the norms of the <a href="Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> practiced by the majority Latin Church led to a degree of encroachment (<a href="Liturgical_Latinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical Latinization">Latinization</a>) on some of the Eastern Catholic traditions. The <a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> document, <i><a href="Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a></i>, built on previous reforms to reaffirm the right of Eastern Catholics to maintain their distinct practices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The 1990 <i>Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i> was the first codified body of <a href="Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> governing the Eastern Catholic Churches collectively,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although each church also has its own internal <a href="Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">canons</a> and laws on top of this. Members of Eastern Catholic churches are obliged to follow the norms of their particular church regarding celebration of church feasts, marriage, and other customs. Notable distinct norms include many Eastern Catholic Churches regularly allowing the <a href="Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> of married men to the <a href="Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priesthood</a> (although not as bishops to the <a href="Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a>), in contrast to the stricter <a href="Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a> of the Latin Church. Both Latin and Eastern Catholics may freely attend a Catholic liturgy celebrated in any rite.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">Catholic (term)</a> and <a href="Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Roman Catholic (term)</a></div>

<p>Although Eastern Catholics are in <a href="Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> and members of the worldwide <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are not members of the <a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, which uses the <a href="Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a>, among which the <a href="Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> is the most widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Catholic churches are instead distinct <a href="Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> <i><a href="Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i> (autonomous), although they maintain full and equal, mutual sacramental exchange with members of the Latin Church.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rite_or_church"><i>Rite</i> or <i>church</i></h3></div>

<p>There are different meanings of the word <i><a href="Rite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rite (disambiguation)">rite</a></i>. Apart from its reference to the liturgical patrimony of a <a href="Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a>, the word has been and is still sometimes, even if rarely, officially used of the particular church itself. Thus the term <i>Latin rite</i> can refer either to the Latin Church or to one or more of the <a href="Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a>, which include the <a href="Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, <a href="Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a>, <a href="Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a>, and others.

</p><p>

In the 1990 <i><a href="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i> (CCEO),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the terms <i>autonomous Church</i> and <i>rite</i> are thus defined:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

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</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A group of Christian faithful linked in accordance with the law by a hierarchy and expressly or tacitly recognized by the supreme authority of the Church as autonomous is in this Code called an autonomous Church (canon 27).<sup id="cite_ref-CCEO-27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCEO-27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><ol><li>A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each autonomous [<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui iuris</i></span></i>] Church.</li>

<li>The rites treated in <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr>, unless otherwise stated, are those that arise from the Alexandrian, Antiochene, Armenian, Chaldean and Constantinopolitan traditions" (canon 28)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (not just a liturgical heritage, but also a theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage characteristic of peoples' culture and the circumstances of their history).</li></ol></blockquote>

<p>When speaking of Eastern Catholic Churches, the Latin Church's <a href="1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> (1983<span class="nowrap"> </span>CIC) uses the terms "ritual Church" or "ritual Church <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui iuris</i></span></i>" (canons 111 and 112), and also speaks of "a subject of an Eastern rite" (canon 1015 §2), "Ordinaries of another rite" (canon 450 §1), "the faithful of a specific rite" (canon 476), etc. The Second Vatican Council spoke of Eastern Catholic Churches as "particular Churches or rites".<sup id="cite_ref-OE_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 2">: n. 2 </span></sup>

</p><p>In 1999, the <a href="United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> stated: "We have been accustomed to speaking of the Latin (Roman or Western) Rite or the Eastern Rites to designate these different Churches. However, the Church's contemporary legislation as contained in the <i>Code of Canon Law</i> and the <i>Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i> makes it clear that we ought to speak, not of rites, but of Churches. Canon 112 of the Code of Canon Law uses the phrase 'autonomous ritual Churches' to designate the various Churches."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And a writer in a periodical of January 2006 declared: "The Eastern Churches are still mistakenly called 'Eastern-Rite' Churches, a reference to their various liturgical histories. They are most properly called Eastern Churches, or Eastern Catholic Churches."<sup id="cite_ref-Zagano2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zagano2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term "rite" continues to be used. The <abbr title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983<span class="nowrap"> </span>CIC</abbr> forbids a Latin bishop to ordain, without permission of the Holy See, a subject of his who is "of an Eastern <a href="Particular_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular Church">rite</a>" (not "who uses an Eastern <a href="Liturgy" title="Liturgy">rite</a>", the faculty for which is sometimes granted to Latin clergy).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniate"><i>Uniate</i></h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Ruthenian_Uniate_Church" title="Ruthenian Uniate Church">Ruthenian Uniate Church</a></div>

<p>The term <i>Uniat</i> or <i>Uniate</i> has been applied to Eastern Catholic churches and individual members whose church hierarchies were previously part of Eastern Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox churches. The term is sometimes considered derogatory by such people,<sup id="cite_ref-OCA_Uniate_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCA_Uniate-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNEWA2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNEWA2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it was used by some Latin and Eastern Catholics prior to the <a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> of 1962–1965.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official Catholic documents no longer use the term due to its perceived negative overtones.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div>

<p>Eastern Catholic Churches have their origins in the <a href="Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">South India</a>. However, since the 19th century, <a href="Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> has spread to <a href="Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the <a href="Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> in part because of <a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution</a>, where <a href="Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchies</a> have been established to serve adherents alongside those of Latin Church <a href="Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>. <a href="Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Catholics in the Middle East</a>, on the other hand, are traditionally cared for by the <a href="Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The communion between Christian churches has been broken over matters of faith, whereby each side accused the other of <a href="Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> or departure from the true faith (<a href="Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>). Communion has been broken also because of disagreement about questions of authority or the legitimacy of the election of a particular bishop. In these latter cases, each side accused the other of <a href="Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a>, but not of heresy.

</p><p>The following ecumenical councils are major breaches of communion:

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_Ephesus_(AD_431)">Council of Ephesus (AD 431)</h4></div>

<p>In 431, the churches that accepted the teaching of the <a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (which condemned the views of <a href="Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>) were classified as heretics by those who rejected the council's statements. The <a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, which was mainly under the <a href="Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, never accepted the council's views. It later experienced a period of great expansion in Asia before collapsing after the <a href="Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquests">Mongol invasion of the Middle East</a> in the 14th century.

</p><p>Monuments of their presence still exist in China. Now they are relatively few in number and have divided into three churches: the Chaldean Catholic Church—an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with Rome—and two Assyrian churches which are not in communion with either Rome or each other. The <a href="Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> is the largest of the three. The groups of Assyrians who did not reunify with Rome remained and are known as the <a href="Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, which experienced an internal schism in 1968 which led to the creation of the <a href="Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar</a> and <a href="Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a> churches are the two Eastern Catholic descendants of the Church of the East in the Indian subcontinent.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_Chalcedon_(AD_451)">Council of Chalcedon (AD 451)</h4></div>

<p>In 451, those who accepted the <a href="Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> similarly classified those who rejected it as <a href="Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysite</a> heretics. The Churches that refused to accept the Council considered instead that it was they who were orthodox; they rejected the description <i>Monophysite</i> (meaning <i>only-nature</i>) preferring instead <i><a href="Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a></i> (meaning <i>one-nature</i>). The difference in terms may appear subtle, but it is theologically very important. "Monophysite" implies a single divine nature alone with no real human nature—a heretical belief according to <a href="Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a>—whereas "Miaphysite" can be understood to mean one nature as God, existing in the person of Jesus who is both human and divine—an idea more easily reconciled to Chalcedonian doctrine. They are often called, in English, <a href="Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, to distinguish them from the <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.

</p><p>This distinction, by which the words <i>oriental</i> and <i>eastern</i> that in themselves have exactly the same meaning but are used as labels to describe two different realities, is impossible to translate in most other languages, and is not universally accepted even in English. These churches are also referred to as <i>pre-Chalcedonian</i> or now more rarely as <i>non-Chalcedonian</i> or <i>anti-Chalcedonian</i>. In languages other than English other means are used to distinguish the two families of churches. Some reserve the term "Orthodox" for those that are here called "Eastern Orthodox" churches, but members of what is called "<a href="Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>" Churches consider this illicit.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East–West_Schism_(1054)">East–West Schism (1054)</h4></div>

<p>The <a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> came about in the context of <a href="Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural differences</a> between the Greek-speaking East and Latin-speaking West, and of rivalry between the churches in Rome—which claimed a primacy not merely of honour but also of authority—and in <a href="Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which claimed parity with Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rivalry and lack of comprehension gave rise to controversies, some of which appear already in the acts of the <a href="Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> of 692. At the <a href="Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1431–1445), these controversies about Western theological elaborations and usages were identified as, chiefly, the insertion of "<a href="Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a>" into the <a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, the use of <a href="Flatbread" title="Flatbread">unleavened bread</a> for the <a href="Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, <a href="Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, and the authority of the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The schism is generally considered to have started in 1054, when the <a href="Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, <a href="Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Michael I Cerularius</a>, and the <a href="Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">Papal Legate</a>, <a href="Humbert_of_Silva_Candida" title="Humbert of Silva Candida">Humbert of Silva Candida</a>, issued mutual <a href="Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunications</a>; in 1965, these excommunications were revoked by both Rome and Constantinople. In spite of that event, for many years both churches continued to maintain friendly relations and seemed to be unaware of any formal or final rupture.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, estrangement continued. In 1190, Eastern Orthodox theologian <a href="Theodore_Balsamon" title="Theodore Balsamon">Theodore Balsamon</a>, who was <a href="Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch">patriarch of Antioch</a>, wrote that "no <a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> should be given Communion unless he first declares that he will abstain from the doctrines and customs that separate him from us".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Later in 1204, <a href="Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">Constantinople was sacked</a> by the Catholic armies of the <a href="Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, whereas two decades previously the <a href="Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a> (i.e., Catholics) had occurred in Constantinople in 1182. Thus, by the 12th–13th centuries, the two sides had become openly hostile, each considering that the other no longer belonged to the church that was orthodox and catholic. Over time, it became customary to refer to the Eastern side as the <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> and the Western as the Catholic Church, without either side thereby renouncing its claim of being the truly orthodox or the truly catholic church.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attempts_at_restoring_communion">Attempts at restoring communion</h4></div>

<p>Parties within many non-Latin churches repeatedly sought to organize efforts to restore communion. In 1438, the <a href="Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> convened, which featured a strong dialogue focused on understanding the theological differences between the East and West, with the hope of reuniting the Catholic and Orthodox churches.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several eastern churches associated themselves with Rome, forming Eastern Catholic churches. The See of Rome accepted them without requiring that they adopt the customs of the Latin Church, so that they all have their own "liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui iuris</i></span></i> Church's own way of living the faith".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_churches">Emergence of the churches</h3></div>

<p>Most Eastern Catholic churches arose when a group within an ancient church in disagreement with the See of Rome returned to full communion with that see. The following churches have been in communion with the Bishop of Rome for a large part of their history:

</p>

<ul><li> The <a href="Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, which has no counterpart in <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Byzantine</a>, nor <a href="Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental</a>, Orthodoxy. The Maronite Church has historical connections to the <a href="Monothelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monothelite">Monothelite</a> controversy in the 7th century. It re-affirmed unity with the <a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in 1154 during <a href="The_Crusades" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crusades">the Crusades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Attwater_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwater-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li>The Maronite Church has historically been treated as never having fully schismed with the Holy See, despite a dispute over <a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> doctrine that concluded in 1154; most of the other Eastern Catholic churches came into being from the 16th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Attwater_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwater-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165–167">: 165–167 </span></sup> However, the <a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> and the <a href="Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Catholic Church</a> also claim perpetual communion.</li></ul></li>

<li>The <a href="Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek Catholic Church</a> and Italo-Albanian Catholic Church, which, unlike the Maronite Church, use the same liturgical rite as the <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.</li>

<li>The former <a href="Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite Church</a> considered itself in dual communion with Rome and Constantinople until <a href="Melkite#Orthodox_Melkites" title="Melkite">an exclusively Orthodox body</a> was formed in the 18th century, leaving a remainder unified exclusively with Rome as the <a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a>.</li>

<li>The Oriental Orthodox <a href="Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> had included a long-standing minority that accepted Roman primacy until the <a href="Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> was officially established in the 18th century.</li></ul>

<p>The <a href="Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> shared by all Eastern Catholic churches, <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr>, was codified in 1990. The <a href="Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicastery</a> that works with the Eastern Catholic churches is the <a href="Dicastery_for_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Dicastery for the Eastern Churches">Dicastery for the Eastern Churches</a>, which by law includes as members all Eastern Catholic patriarchs and major archbishops.

</p><p>The largest six churches based on membership are, in order, the <a href="Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac Rite), the <a href="Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> (UGCC; Byzantine Rite), the Maronite Church (West Syriac Rite), the Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Byzantine Rite), the <a href="Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (East Syriac Rite), and the <a href="Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> (Armenian Rite).<sup id="cite_ref-cnewa17_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnewa17-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These six churches account for about 85% of the membership of the Eastern Catholic Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientalium_dignitas"><i>Orientalium dignitas</i></h3></div>

<p>On 30 November 1894, <a href="Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> issued the <a href="Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <i><a href="Orientalium_dignitas" title="Orientalium dignitas">Orientalium dignitas</a></i>, in which he stated:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Churches of the East are worthy of the glory and reverence that they hold throughout the whole of Christendom in virtue of those extremely ancient, singular memorials that they have bequeathed to us. For it was in that part of the world that the first actions for the redemption of the human race began, in accord with the all-kind plan of God. They swiftly gave forth their yield: there flowered in first blush the glories of preaching the True Faith to the nations, of martyrdom, and of holiness. They gave us the first joys of the fruits of salvation. From them has come a wondrously grand and powerful flood of benefits upon the other peoples of the world, no matter how far-flung. When blessed Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, intended to cast down the manifold wickedness of error and vice, in accord with the will of Heaven, he brought the light of divine Truth, the Gospel of peace, freedom in Christ to the metropolis of the Gentiles.<sup id="cite_ref-OrientaliumDignitas1894_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrientaliumDignitas1894-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p><a href="Adrian_Fortescue" title="Adrian Fortescue">Adrian Fortescue</a> wrote that Leo XIII "begins by explaining again that the ancient Eastern rites are a witness to the Apostolicity of the Catholic Church, that their diversity, consistent with unity of the faith, is itself a witness to the unity of the Church, that they add to her dignity and honour. He says that the Catholic Church does not possess one rite only, but that she embraces all the ancient rites of Christendom; her unity consists not in a mechanical uniformity of all her parts, but on the contrary, in their variety, according in one principle and vivified by it."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Leo XIII declared still in force <a href="Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>'s <a href="Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="Demandatam" title="Demandatam">Demandatam</a></i>, addressed to the Patriarch and the Bishops of the <a href="Melkite_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Catholic Church">Melkite Catholic Church</a>, in which Benedict XIV forbade Latin Church clergy to induce Melkite Catholics to transfer to the Roman Rite, and he broadened this prohibition to cover all Eastern Catholics, declaring: "Any Latin rite missionary, whether of the secular or religious clergy, who induces with his advice or assistance any Eastern rite faithful to transfer to the Latin rite, will be deposed and excluded from his benefice in addition to the <i>ipso facto</i> suspension <i>a divinis</i> and other punishments that he will incur as imposed in the aforesaid Constitution <i>Demandatam</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-OrientaliumDignitas1894_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrientaliumDignitas1894-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Vatican_Council">Second Vatican Council</h3></div>

<p>There had been confusion on the part of Western clergy about the legitimate presence of Eastern Catholic Churches in countries seen as belonging to the West, despite firm and repeated papal confirmation of these churches' universal character. The <a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> brought the reform impulse to visible fruition. Several documents, from both during and after the Second Vatican Council, have led to significant reform and development within Eastern Catholic Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orientalium_Ecclesiarum"><i>Orientalium Ecclesiarum</i></h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a></div>

<p>The Second Vatican Council directed, in <i><a href="Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a></i>, that the traditions of Eastern Catholic Churches should be maintained. It declared that "it is the mind of the Catholic Church that each individual Church or Rite should retain its traditions whole and entire and likewise that it should adapt its way of life to the different needs of time and place" (n. 2), and that they should all "preserve their legitimate liturgical rite and their established way of life, and ... these may not be altered except to obtain for themselves an organic improvement" (n. 6; cf. n. 22).<sup id="cite_ref-OE_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It confirmed and approved the ancient discipline of the sacraments existing in the Eastern churches, and the ritual practices connected with their celebration and administration, and declared its ardent desire that this should be re-established if circumstances warranted (n. 12). It applied this in particular to administration of sacrament of <a href="Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> by priests (n. 13). It expressed the wish that, where the permanent <a href="Deacon" title="Deacon">diaconate</a> (ordination as deacons of men who are not intended afterwards to become priests) had fallen into disuse, it should be restored (n. 17).

</p><p>Paragraphs 7–11 are devoted to the powers of the patriarchs and major archbishops of the Eastern Churches, whose rights and privileges, it says, should be re-established in accordance with the ancient tradition of each of the churches and the decrees of the <a href="Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>, adapted somewhat to modern conditions. Where there is a need, new patriarchates should be established either by an ecumenical council or by the Bishop of Rome.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lumen_gentium"><i>Lumen gentium</i></h4></div>

<p>The Second Vatican Council's Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, <i><a href="Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i>, deals with Eastern Catholic Churches in paragraph 23, stating:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By <a href="Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">divine Providence</a> it has come about that various churches, established in various places by the apostles and their successors, have in the course of time coalesced into several groups, organically united, which, preserving the unity of faith and the unique divine constitution of the universal Church, enjoy their own discipline, their own liturgical usage, and their own theological and spiritual heritage. Some of these churches, notably the ancient patriarchal churches, as parent-stocks of the Faith, so to speak, have begotten others as daughter churches, with which they are connected down to our own time by a close bond of charity in their sacramental life and in their mutual respect for their rights and duties. This variety of local churches with one common aspiration is splendid evidence of the catholicity of the undivided Church. In like manner the Episcopal bodies of today are in a position to render a manifold and fruitful assistance, so that this collegiate feeling may be put into practical application.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unitatis_redintegratio"><i>Unitatis redintegratio</i></h4></div>

<p>The 1964 decree <i><a href="Unitatis_redintegratio" title="Unitatis redintegratio">Unitatis redintegratio</a></i> deals with Eastern Catholic Churches in paragraphs 14–17.<sup id="cite_ref-UR_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UR-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></div>

<p>The First Vatican Council discussed the need for a common code for the Eastern churches, but no concrete action was taken. Only after the benefits of the Latin Church's <a href="1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a> were appreciated was a serious effort made to codify the Eastern Catholic Churches' canon laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Beal2000_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2000-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 27">: 27 </span></sup> This came to fruition with the promulgation of the 1990 <i><a href="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i>, which took effect in 1991. It is a framework document that contains canons that are a consequence of the <i>common</i> patrimony of the churches of the East: each individual <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui iuris</i></span></i> church also has its own canons, its own particular law, layered on top of this code.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_International_Commission">Joint International Commission</h3></div>

<p>In 1993 the <a href="Joint_International_Commission_for_Theological_Dialogue_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Orthodox_Church" title="Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church">Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church</a> submitted the document <i>Uniatism, method of union of the past, and the present search for full communion</i>, also known as the <a href="Balamand_declaration" title="Balamand declaration">Balamand declaration</a>, "to the authorities of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches for approval and application,"<sup id="cite_ref-Balamand1993_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

which stated that initiatives that "led to the union of certain communities with the See of Rome and brought with them, as a consequence, the breaking of communion with their Mother Churches of the East ... took place not without the interference of extra-ecclesial interests".<sup id="cite_ref-Balamand1993_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 8">: n. 8 </span></sup>

</p><p>Likewise the commission acknowledged that "certain civil authorities [who] made attempts" to force Eastern Catholics to return to the Orthodox Church used "unacceptable means".<sup id="cite_ref-Balamand1993_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 11">: n. 11 </span></sup> The missionary outlook and <a href="Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> that accompanied the Unia<sup id="cite_ref-Balamand1993_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 10">: n. 10 </span></sup> was judged incompatible with the rediscovery by the Catholic and Orthodox churches of each other as sister churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Balamand1993_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 12">: n. 12 </span></sup> Thus the commission concluded that the "missionary apostolate, ... which has been called 'uniatism', can no longer be accepted either as a method to be followed or as a model of the unity our Churches are seeking."<sup id="cite_ref-Balamand1993_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 12">: n. 12 </span></sup>

</p><p>At the same time, the commission stated:

</p>

<ul><li>that Eastern Catholic Churches, being part of the Catholic Communion, have the right to exist and to act in response to the spiritual needs of their faithful;<sup id="cite_ref-Balamand1993_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 3">: n. 3 </span></sup></li>

<li>that Oriental Catholic Churches, which desired to re-establish full communion with the See of Rome and have remained faithful to it, have the rights and obligations connected with this communion.<sup id="cite_ref-Balamand1993_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 16">: n. 16 </span></sup></li></ul>

<p>These principles were repeated in the 2016 <a href="Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill</a>, which stated that 'It is today clear that the past method of “uniatism”, understood as the union of one community to the other, separating it from its Church, is not the way to re-establish unity. Nonetheless, the ecclesial communities which emerged in these historical circumstances have the right to exist and to undertake all that is necessary to meet the spiritual needs of their faithful, while seeking to live in peace with their neighbours. Orthodox and Greek Catholics are in need of reconciliation and of mutually acceptable forms of co–existence.'<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_prescriptions">Liturgical prescriptions</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></div>

<p>The 1996 <i>Instruction for Applying the Liturgical Prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i> brought together, in one place, the developments that took place in previous texts,<sup id="cite_ref-Instruction1996_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruction1996-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is "an expository expansion based upon the canons, with constant emphasis upon the preservation of Eastern liturgical traditions and a return to those usages whenever possible—certainly in preference to the usages of the <a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, however much some principles and norms of the <a href="Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">conciliar constitution</a> on the Roman rite, "in the very nature of things, affect other <a href="Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">rites</a> as well."<sup id="cite_ref-Beal2000_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2000-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 998">: 998 </span></sup> The <i>Instruction</i> states:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The liturgical laws valid for all the Eastern Churches are important because they provide the general orientation. However, being distributed among various texts, they risk remaining ignored, poorly coordinated and poorly interpreted. It seemed opportune, therefore, to gather them in a systematic whole, completing them with further clarification: thus, the intent of the Instruction, presented to the Eastern Churches which are in full communion with the <a href="Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">Apostolic See</a>, is to help them fully realize their own identity. The authoritative general directive of this Instruction, formulated to be implemented in Eastern celebrations and liturgical life, articulates itself in propositions of a juridical-pastoral nature, constantly taking initiative from a theological perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Instruction1996_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruction1996-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 5">: n. 5 </span></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Past interventions by the Holy See, the Instruction said, were in some ways defective and needed revision, but often served also as a safeguard against aggressive initiatives.

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These interventions felt the effects of the mentality and convictions of the times, according to which a certain subordination of the non-Latin liturgies was perceived toward the Latin-Rite liturgy which was considered "<span lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ritus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ritus">ritus </a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/praestantior#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wikt:praestantior">praestantior</a></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attitude may have led to interventions in the Eastern liturgical texts which today, in light of theological studies and progress, have need of revision, in the sense of a return to ancestral traditions. The work of the commissions, nevertheless, availing themselves of the best experts of the times, succeeded in safeguarding a major part of the Eastern heritage, often defending it against aggressive initiatives and publishing precious editions of liturgical texts for numerous Eastern Churches. Today, particularly after the solemn declarations of the Apostolic Letter <i><a href="Orientalium_dignitas" title="Orientalium dignitas">Orientalium dignitas</a></i> by Leo XIII, after the creation of the still active special Commission for the liturgy within the Congregation for the Eastern Churches in 1931, and above all after the Second Vatican Council and the Apostolic Letter <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html">Orientale Lumen</a></i> by John Paul II, respect for the Eastern liturgies is an indisputable attitude and the Apostolic See can offer a more complete service to the Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Instruction1996_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruction1996-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 24">: n. 24 </span></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2></div>

<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><i>Ius vigens</i> (current law)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ad_tuendam_fidem" title="Ad tuendam fidem">Ad tuendam fidem</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ex_corde_Ecclesiae" title="Ex corde Ecclesiae">Ex corde Ecclesiae</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Indulgentiarum_Doctrina" title="Indulgentiarum Doctrina">Indulgentiarum Doctrina</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Praedicate_evangelium" title="Praedicate evangelium">Praedicate evangelium</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Veritatis_gaudium" title="Veritatis gaudium">Veritatis gaudium</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li>

<li><a href="Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis</a></li>

<li>Documents of the <a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Christus_Dominus" title="Christus Dominus">Christus Dominus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Optatam_Totius" title="Optatam Totius">Optatam totius</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium ecclesiarum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Presbyterorum_Ordinis" title="Presbyterorum Ordinis">Presbyterorum ordinis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum concilium</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Precepts_of_the_Church" title="Precepts of the Church">Precepts of the Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<dl><dt><i><a href="Jus_antiquum" title="Jus antiquum">Jus antiquum</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 33</span>–1140)</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Ancient Church Orders</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">The Apostolic Constitutions</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Canons of the Apostles</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Collections_of_ancient_canons" title="Collections of ancient canons">Collections of ancient canons</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Collectiones_canonum_Dionysianae" title="Collectiones canonum Dionysianae">Collectiones canonum Dionysianae</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Collectio_canonum_quadripartita" title="Collectio canonum quadripartita">Collectio canonum quadripartita</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Collectio_canonum_Quesnelliana" title="Collectio canonum Quesnelliana">Collectio canonum Quesnelliana</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Collectio_canonum_Wigorniensis" title="Collectio canonum Wigorniensis">Collectio canonum Wigorniensis</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a></li>

<li><a href="Symmachian_forgeries" title="Symmachian forgeries">Symmachian forgeries</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-Isidorian_Decretals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals">Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals</a>

<ul><li><a href="Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a>

<ul><li><a href="Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Lay investiture controversy</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Libertas_ecclesiae" title="Libertas ecclesiae">Libertas ecclesiae</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Plenitudo_potestatis" title="Plenitudo potestatis">Plenitudo potestatis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><i>Jus novum</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1140</span>–1563)</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i><a href="Corpus_Juris_Canonici" title="Corpus Juris Canonici">Corpus Juris Canonici</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Decretist" title="Decretist">Decretist</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon Episcopi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Margaritae" title="Margaritae">Margaritae</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Jus_commune" title="Jus commune">Jus commune</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Decretales_Gregorii_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretales Gregorii IX">Decretals of Gregory IX</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Decretalist" title="Decretalist">Decretalist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Regul%C3%A6_Juris#Catholic_canonical_use" title="Regulæ Juris">Regulæ Juris</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Extravagantes" title="Extravagantes">Extravagantes</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Liber_Septimus" title="Liber Septimus">Liber Septimus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><i>Jus novissimum</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1563</span>–1918)</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li>

<li><a href="Benedictus_Deus_(Pius_IV)" title="Benedictus Deus (Pius IV)"><i>Benedictus Deus</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Apostolicae_Sedis_moderationi" title="Apostolicae Sedis moderationi">Apostolicae Sedis moderationi</a></i></li></ul>

<dl><dt><i>Jus codicis</i> (1918-present)</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ecclesiae_Sanctae" title="Ecclesiae Sanctae">Ecclesiae Sanctae</a></i></li>

<li><a href="1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Other</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i><a href="Contractum_trinius" title="Contractum trinius">Contractum trinius</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Papal_judge-delegate" title="Papal judge-delegate">Papal judge-delegate</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_Option" title="Right of Option">Right of option</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><i><a href="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_canonical_reforms_of_Pius_XII" title="Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII">Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomocanon" title="Nomocanon">Nomocanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Exarch">Exarchate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholic_faithful" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful">Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful</a></li>

<li><a href="Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">Protosyncellus</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgical law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<dl><dt>Latin Church</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="General_Instruction_of_the_Roman_Missal" title="General Instruction of the Roman Missal">General Instruction of the Roman Missal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Code_of_Rubrics" title="Code of Rubrics">Code of Rubrics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum Concilium</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mysterii_Paschalis" title="Mysterii Paschalis">Mysterii Paschalis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Musicam_sacram" title="Musicam sacram">Musicam sacram</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Scripturarum_thesaurus" title="Scripturarum thesaurus">Scripturarum thesaurus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Liturgiam_authenticam" title="Liturgiam authenticam">Liturgiam authenticam</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Quattuor_abhinc_annos" title="Quattuor abhinc annos">Quattuor abhinc annos</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ecclesia_Dei" title="Ecclesia Dei">Ecclesia Dei</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacramental law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="Canon_844" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon 844"><i>Communicatio in sacris</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">Ex opere operato</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Sacraments_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments in the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a>

<ul><li><a href="Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment (Catholic canon law)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abstemius" title="Abstemius">Abstemius</a></li>

<li><a href="Defect_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Defect of birth">Defect of birth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Nullity of Sacred Ordination</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Apostolicae_curae" title="Apostolicae curae">Apostolicae curae</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dimissorial_letters" title="Dimissorial letters">Dimissorial letters</a></li>

<li><a href="Consecrator#Catholic_Church" title="Consecrator">Episcopal consecrators</a></li>

<li><a href="Approbation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Approbation (Catholic canon law)">Approbation (Catholic canon law)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Confession</a>

<ul><li><a href="Penitential_canons" title="Penitential canons">Penitential canons</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Paenitentiale_Theodori" title="Paenitentiale Theodori">Paenitentiale Theodori</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Seal_of_the_Confessional_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional in the Catholic Church">Seal of the Confessional</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_and_external_forum_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal and external forum (Catholic canon law)">Internal and external forum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Note_on_the_importance_of_the_internal_forum_and_the_inviolability_of_the_Sacramental_Seal" title="Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal">Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li>

<li><a href="Canon_penitentiary" title="Canon penitentiary">Canon penitentiary</a></li>

<li><a href="Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Sacramentum_Poenitentiae" title="Sacramentum Poenitentiae">Sacramentum Poenitentiae</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eucharistic_discipline#Catholic_practice" title="Eucharistic discipline">Eucharistic discipline</a></li>

<li><a href="Canon_915" title="Canon 915">Canon 915</a></li>

<li><a href="Celebret" title="Celebret">Celebret</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Sacramental#Catholic" title="Sacramental">Sacramentals</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgence</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Indulgentiarum_doctrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgentiarum doctrina">Indulgentiarum doctrina</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Sacred places</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Altar_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar in the Catholic Church">Altars</a></li>

<li><a href="Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></li>

<li><a href="Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">Minor basilica</a></li>

<li><a href="Oratory_(worship)#Catholic_Church" title="Oratory (worship)">Oratory</a> (chapel)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Sacred times</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast days</a></li>

<li><a href="Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">Fast days and abstinence</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Paenitemini" title="Paenitemini">Paenitemini</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimonial law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li>Canonical form (Latin Church)

<ul><li><i><a href="Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ne_Temere" title="Ne Temere">Ne Temere</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Banns_of_marriage#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Declaration of Nullity</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Vetitum" title="Vetitum">Vetitum</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li>

<li><a href="Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediments to Marriage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">Affinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Clandestinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Clandestinity (Catholic canon law)">Clandestinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Impediment_of_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Impediment of crime">Impediment of crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Disparity_of_cult" title="Disparity of cult">Disparity of cult</a></li>

<li><a href="Ligamen" title="Ligamen">Ligamen</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_propriety" title="Public propriety">Public propriety</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Matrimonial_dispensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrimonial dispensation">Matrimonial dispensation</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Ratum_sed_non_consummatum" title="Ratum sed non consummatum">Ratum sed non consummatum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Validation_of_marriage" title="Validation of marriage">Sanatio in radice</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural marriage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline privilege</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrine_privilege" title="Petrine privilege">Petrine privilege</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supreme authority, <a href="Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular churches</a>, and canonical structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<dl><dt>Supreme authority of the Church</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Pope" title="Pope">Roman Pontiff</a>

<ul><li><a href="Papal_conclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li>

<li><a href="Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Conference of bishops</a></li>

<li><a href="Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li>Churches <i><a href="Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui juris</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li>Local particular churches</li>

<li><a href="Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops" title="Appointment of Catholic bishops">Appointment of bishops</a>

<ul><li><a href="Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Abbacy <i>nullius</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicariate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administrator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diocese_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese (Roman Catholic)">Diocese/Archdiocese</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Aeque_principaliter" title="Aeque principaliter">Aeque principaliter</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="In_persona_episcopi" title="In persona episcopi">In persona episcopi</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Curia_(Catholic_Church)" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Diocesan Curia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">Moderator of the Curia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diocesan_chancery#Catholic_dioceses" title="Diocesan chancery">Chancery</a></li>

<li><a href="Deanery" title="Deanery">Deanery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vicar_forane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar forane">Vicar forane</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Curia_(Catholic_Church)#Patriarchal_curia" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Eparchal curia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinariate</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_sui_iuris" title="Mission sui iuris">Mission <i>sui juris</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariate</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Anglicanorum Coetibus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic persons</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Parish_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish in the Catholic Church">Parish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Team_of_priests_in_solidum" title="Team of priests in solidum">Team of priests <i>in solidum</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">Collegiate church</a></li>

<li><a href="Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li>

<li><a href="Trusteeism" title="Trusteeism">Lay trusteeism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicastery</a></li>

<li><a href="Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Pontifical council</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">Personal prelature</a>

<ul><li><a href="Types_of_membership_of_Opus_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of membership of Opus Dei">Types of membership of Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Association of the Christian faithful</a></li>

<li><a href="Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></li>

<li><a href="Quinquennial_visit_ad_limina" title="Quinquennial visit ad limina">Quinquennial visit ad limina</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Jurisprudence_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law">Jurisprudence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="Canonical_coronation" title="Canonical coronation">Canonical coronation</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_canonically_crowned_images" title="List of canonically crowned images">Canonically crowned images</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computation_of_time_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Computation of time (Catholic canon law)">Computation of time</a></li>

<li><a href="Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Delegata_potestas_non_potest_delegari" title="Delegata potestas non potest delegari">Delegata potestas non potest delegari</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Derogation" title="Derogation">Derogation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Dispensation (Catholic canon law)">Dispensation</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Taxa_Innocentiana" title="Taxa Innocentiana">Taxa Innocentiana</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Faculty</a></li>

<li><a href="Indult" title="Indult">Indult</a></li>

<li><a href="Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment</a></li>

<li><a href="Donation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Donation (Catholic canon law)">Donation</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpretation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Interpretation (Catholic canon law)">Interpretation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pontifical_Council_for_Legislative_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts">Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Obreption_and_subreption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Obreption and subreption (Catholic canon law)">Obreption & subreption</a></li>

<li><a href="Obrogation" title="Obrogation">Obrogation</a></li>

<li><a href="Promulgation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Promulgation (Catholic canon law)">Promulgation</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Resignation of the Roman Pontiff</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">Sede vacante</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Simony#Catholic_Church" title="Simony">Simony</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Vacatio_legis" title="Vacatio legis">Vacatio legis</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_visitation" title="Canonical visitation">Visitation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic visitor</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Philosophy%2C_theology%2C_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Temporal goods (property)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="Benefice#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Benefice">Benefice</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Contract_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Contract (Catholic canon law)">Contract law</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li>

<li><a href="Altarage" title="Altarage">Stole fee</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporalities" title="Temporalities">Temporalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Person (Catholic canon law)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Formal_act_of_defection_from_the_Catholic_Church" title="Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church">Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Canonical age</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastical_emancipation" title="Ecclesiastical emancipation">Emancipation</a></li>

<li><a href="Exemption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Exemption (Catholic canon law)">Exemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Heresy</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Clerics</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">Secular clergy</a></li>

<li><a href="Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">Regular clergy</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Clerics and public office</a></li>

<li><a href="Incardination_and_excardination" title="Incardination and excardination">Incardination and excardination</a></li>

<li><a href="Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (dispensation)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Canonical faculties</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Office</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Canonical_provision" title="Canonical provision">Canonical provision</a>

<ul><li><a href="Canonical_election" title="Canonical election">Canonical election</a>

<ul><li><a href="Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic and physical persons</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Jus_patronatus" title="Jus patronatus">Jus patronatus</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a></li>

<li><a href="Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Canonical documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><i><a href="Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Acta_Sanctae_Sedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta Sanctae Sedis">Acta Sanctae Sedis</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Censor librorum</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Notary_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Notary (Catholic canon law)">Notary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li>

<li><a href="Decree_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Decree (Catholic canon law)">Decree</a></li>

<li><a href="Decretal" title="Decretal">Decretal</a></li>

<li><a href="Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">Motu proprio</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ordinance_(canon_law)#Catholic_Church" title="Ordinance (canon law)">Ordinance</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_brief" title="Papal brief">Papal brief</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li>

<li><a href="Penitential" title="Penitential">Penitential</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastical_positive_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical positive law">Positive law</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_rescripts" title="Papal rescripts">Rescript</a></li>

<li><a href="Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Penal law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="Canon_1324" title="Canon 1324">Canon 1324</a></li>

<li><a href="Canon_1397_%C2%A72" title="Canon 1397 §2">Canon 1397 §2</a></li>

<li><a href="Censure_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Censure (Catholic canon law)">Censure (Catholic canon law)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="De_delictis_gravioribus" title="De delictis gravioribus">De delictis gravioribus</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Crimen_sollicitationis" title="Crimen sollicitationis">Crimen sollicitationis</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">Excommunication</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_excommunicable_offences_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church">List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cardinals_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li>

<li><a href="Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (penal)</a></li>

<li><a href="Latae_sententiae_and_ferendae_sententiae" title="Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae"><i>Latae sententiae</i> and <i>ferendae sententiae</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Life_of_prayer_and_penance" title="Life of prayer and penance">Lifetime of prayer and penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_admonitions" title="Canonical admonitions">Canonical admonitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastical_prison" title="Ecclesiastical prison">Ecclesiastical prison</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Procedural law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<dl><dt><i>Pars statica</i> (tribunals & ministers/parties)</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Ecclesiastical_court#Catholicism" title="Ecclesiastical court">Tribunals</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Tribunal of the Roman Rota</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li>

<li><a href="Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Ministers of Justice

<ul><li><a href="Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">Judicial Vicar</a>/<a href="Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary" title="Official">Officialis</a></li>

<li><a href="Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">Auditor</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Parties

<ul><li><a href="Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li>

<li><a href="Procurator_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Procurator (Catholic canon law)">Procurator</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><i>Pars dynamica</i> (trial procedure)</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i><a href="Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a></i> (matrimonial causes)</li>

<li><a href="Appeal_as_from_an_abuse" title="Appeal as from an abuse">Appeal as from an abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Presumption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Presumption (Catholic canon law)">Presumption</a></li>

<li>Penal procedure

<ul><li><i><a href="Vos_estis_lux_mundi" title="Vos estis lux mundi">Vos estis lux mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Canonization#Catholic_Church" title="Canonization">Canonization</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Maiorem_hac_dilectionem" title="Maiorem hac dilectionem">Maiorem hac dilectionem</a></li>

<li><a href="Devil's_advocate" title="Devil's advocate"><i>Advocatus Diaboli</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Oblatio_vitae" title="Oblatio vitae">Oblatio vitae</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Positio" title="Positio">Positio</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Beatification_and_canonization_process_in_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatification and canonization process in 1914">Beatification and canonization process in 1914</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Election of the Roman Pontiff</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Current law

<ul><li><i><a href="Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Papal renunciation</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Historical

<ul><li><a href="Cum_proxime" title="Cum proxime">Cum proxime</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">Jus exclusivae</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Papal_appointment" title="Papal appointment">Papal appointment</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Aeterni_Patris_Filius" title="Aeterni Patris Filius">Aeterni Patris Filius</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ubi_periculum" title="Ubi periculum">Ubi periculum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Quia_propter" title="Quia propter">Quia propter</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal practice and scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_canon_law_legal_abbreviations_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of canon law legal abbreviations (Catholic canon law)">List of legal abbreviations</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Academic degrees</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate of Canon Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">Doctor of Canon Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_both_laws" title="Doctor of both laws">Doctor of both laws</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Journals and Professional Societies</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Canon_Law_Society_of_America" title="Canon Law Society of America">Canon Law Society of America</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Jurist_(journal)" title="The Jurist (journal)">The Jurist</a></i></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Faculties of canon law</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_University_of_America_School_of_Canon_Law" title="Catholic University of America School of Canon Law">Catholic University of America School of Canon Law</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Canonists</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Medieval

<ul><li><a href="Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Gratian</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_of_Segusio" title="Henry of Segusio">Hostiensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Lemoine" title="Jean Lemoine">Jean Lemoine</a></li>

<li><a href="Raymond_of_Penyafort" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Raymond of Penyafort</a></li>

<li><a href="Rufinus_(decretist)" title="Rufinus (decretist)">Rufinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke" title="Johannes Teutonicus Zemeke">Johannes Teutonicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoffrey_of_Trani" title="Geoffrey of Trani">Geoffrey of Trani</a></li>

<li><a href="Burchard_of_Worms" title="Burchard of Worms">Burchard of Worms</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brocard_(law)" title="Brocard (law)">Brocard</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li>Modern & Contemporary

<ul><li><a href="Eugenio_Corecco" title="Eugenio Corecco">Eugenio Corecco</a></li>

<li><a href="John_D._Faris" title="John D. Faris">John D. Faris</a></li>

<li><a href="Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a></li>

<li><a href="Ladislas_Orsy" title="Ladislas Orsy">Ladislas Orsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_N._Peters" title="Edward N. Peters">Edward N. Peters</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of <a href="Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">Solemn vow</a></li>

<li><a href="Exclaustration" title="Exclaustration">Exclaustration</a></li>

<li><a href="Manifestation_of_Conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifestation of Conscience">Manifestation of Conscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_erection_of_a_house_of_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical erection of a house of religious">Canonical erection of a house of religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pontifical_right" title="Pontifical right">Pontifical right</a></li>

<li><a href="Congregation_of_diocesan_right" title="Congregation of diocesan right">Diocesan right</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Congregation_for_Institutes_of_Consecrated_Life_and_Societies_of_Apostolic_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life">Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">Institute of consecrated life</a></dt></dl>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_supreme_authority">Papal supreme authority</h3></div>

<p>Under the <a href="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a>, the pope has supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary authority in the whole Catholic Church, which he can always freely exercise, including the Eastern Catholic churches.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_patriarchs_and_major_archbishops">Eastern patriarchs and major archbishops</h3></div>

<p>The Catholic <a href="Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a> and <a href="Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">major archbishops</a> derive their titles from the sees of <a href="See_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (<a href="Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a>), <a href="See_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Antioch">Antioch</a> (Syriac, Melkite, Maronite), <a href="List_of_Chaldean_Catholic_patriarchs_of_Baghdad" title="List of Chaldean Catholic patriarchs of Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (Chaldean), <a href="Armenian_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholic Patriarchate of Cilicia">Cilicia</a> (Armenian), <a href="Ukrainian_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Kyiv%E2%80%93Galicia" title="Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv–Galicia">Kyiv-Halych</a> (Ukrainian), <a href="Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Ernakulam-Angamaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly">Ernakulam-Angamaly</a> (Syro-Malabar), <a href="Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a> (<a href="Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a>), and <a href="Greek_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C5%9F_and_Alba_Iulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholic Archdiocese of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia">Făgăraş-Alba Iulia</a> (Romanian). The Eastern Catholic churches are governed in accordance with Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches and their particular laws.<sup id="cite_ref-canon_1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canon_1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Within their proper <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui iuris</i></span></i> churches there is no difference between patriarchs and major archbishops. However, differences exist in the <a href="Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a> (i.e. patriarchs take precedence over major archbishops) and in the mode of accession: The election of a major archbishop has to be confirmed by the pope before he may take office.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No papal confirmation is needed for newly elected patriarchs before they take office. They are just required to request as soon as possible that the pope grant them <a href="Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">full ecclesiastical communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants_of_organizational_structure">Variants of organizational structure</h3></div>

<p>There are significant differences between various Eastern Catholic churches, regarding their present organizational structure. Major Eastern Catholic churches, that are headed by their patriarchs, major archbishops or metropolitans, have fully developed structure and functioning internal autonomy based on the existence of ecclesiastical provinces. On the other hand, minor Eastern Catholic churches often have only one or two hierarchs (in the form of eparchs, apostolic exarchs, or apostolic visitors) and only the most basic forms of internal organization if any, like the <a href="Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a> or the <a href="Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian Greek Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual eparchies of some Eastern Catholic churches may be suffragan to Latin metropolitans. For example, the <a href="Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Kri%C5%BEevci" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci</a> is suffragan to the <a href="Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Zagreb" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, some minor Eastern Catholic churches have Latin prelates. For example, the <a href="Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian Greek Catholic Church</a> is organized as a single <a href="Macedonian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_in_Strumica-Skopje" title="Macedonian Catholic Eparchy of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Strumica-Skopje">Eparchy of Strumica-Skopje</a>, whose present ordinary is the Roman Catholic bishop of <a href="Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization of the <a href="Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek Catholic Church</a> is unique in that it consists of an "Apostolic Administration".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juridical_status">Juridical status</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern Catholic canon law</a></div>

<p>Although every diocese in the Catholic Church is considered a <a href="Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a>, the word is not applied in the same sense as to the 24 <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui iuris</i></span></i> particular churches: the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches.

</p><p><a href="Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canonically</a>, each Eastern Catholic Church is <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></span></i> or autonomous with respect to other Catholic churches, whether Latin or Eastern, though all accept the spiritual and juridical <a href="Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">supreme authority of the pope</a>. Thus a Maronite Catholic is normally directly subject only to a Maronite bishop. However, if members of a particular church are so few that no hierarchy of their own has been established, their spiritual care is entrusted to a bishop of another ritual church. For instance, members of the Latin Church in <a href="Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> are under the care of the Eastern rite <a href="Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a>, whereas the other way around may be the case in other parts of the world.

</p><p>Theologically, all the particular churches can be viewed as "sister churches".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> these Eastern Catholic churches, along with the larger Latin Church, share "equal dignity, so that none of them is superior to the others as regards rite, and they enjoy the same rights and are under the same obligations, also in respect of preaching the <a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> to the whole world (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16:15&version=rsvce">Mark 16:15</a>) under the guidance of the <a href="Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Roman Pontiff</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-OE_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: n. 3">: n. 3 </span></sup>

</p>

<p>The Eastern Catholic churches are in <a href="Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the whole Catholic Church. While they accept the canonical authority of the Holy See of Rome, they retain their distinctive <a href="Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical rites</a>, laws, customs and traditional devotions, and have their own theological emphases. Terminology may vary: for instance, <i>diocese</i> and <i>eparchy</i>, <i>vicar general</i> and <i><a href="Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">protosyncellus</a></i>, <i><a href="Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a></i> and <i><a href="Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a></i> are respectively Western and Eastern terms for the same realities. The mysteries (sacraments) of <a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and chrismation are generally administered, according to the ancient tradition of the church, one immediately after the other. Infants who are baptized and chrismated are also given the <a href="Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Eastern Catholic churches are represented in the <a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> through the <a href="Dicastery_for_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Dicastery for the Eastern Churches">Dicastery for the Eastern Churches</a>, which is "made up of a Cardinal Prefect (who directs and represents it with the help of a Secretary) and 27 cardinals, one archbishop and 4 bishops, designated by the pope <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ad quinquennium</i></span></i> (for a five-year period). Members by right are the Patriarchs and the Major Archbishops of the Oriental Churches and the President of the <a href="Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Unity among Christians</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bi-ritual_faculties">Bi-ritual faculties</h3></div>

<p>While "clerics and members of <a href="Religious_order" title="Religious order">institutes of consecrated life</a> are bound to observe their own rite faithfully",<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> priests are occasionally given permission to celebrate the liturgy of a rite other than the priest's own rite, by what is known as a grant of "biritual faculties". The reason for this permission is usually the service of Catholics who have no priest of their own rite. Thus priests of the <a href="Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> working as missionaries in areas of India in which there are no structures of their own Church, are authorized to use the Roman Rite in those areas, and Latin priests are, after due preparation, given permission to use an Eastern rite for the service of members of an Eastern Catholic Church living in a country in which there are no priests of their own particular Church. Popes are permitted to celebrate a Mass or Divine Liturgy of any rite in testament to the Catholic Church's universal nature. John Paul II celebrated the Divine Liturgy in Ukraine during his pontificate.

</p><p>For a just cause, and with the permission of the local bishop, priests of different autonomous ritual churches may concelebrate; however, the rite of the principal celebrant is used whilst each priest wears the <a href="Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a> of his own rite.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No indult of bi-ritualism is required for this.

</p><p>Biritual faculties may concern not only clergy but also <a href="Religious_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious (Catholicism)">religious</a>, enabling them to become members of an institute of an autonomous Church other than their own.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerical_celibacy">Clerical celibacy</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a></div>

<p>Eastern and Western Christian churches have different traditions concerning <a href="Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a> and the resulting controversies have played a role in the relationship between the two groups in some <a href="Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a>.

</p><p>In general, Eastern Catholic Churches have always allowed ordination of married men as priests and deacons. Within the lands of the <a href="Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>, the third largest Eastern Catholic Church, where 90% of the <a href="Diocesan_priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocesan priests">diocesan priests</a> in Ukraine are <a href="Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">married</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Galadza_2010_303_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galadza_2010_303-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a <a href="Western_Ukrainian_Clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ukrainian Clergy">tightly knit hereditary caste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Subtelny2009_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subtelny2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most Eastern Churches distinguish between "monastic" and "non-monastic" clergy. <a href="Hieromonk" title="Hieromonk">Monastics</a> do not necessarily live in monasteries, but have spent at least part of their period of training in such a context. Their <a href="Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">monastic vows</a> include a vow of celibate chastity.

</p><p>Bishops are normally selected from the monastic clergy, and in most Eastern Catholic Churches a large percentage of priests and deacons also are celibate, while a large portion of the parish priests are married, having taken a wife when they were still laymen.<sup id="cite_ref-Subtelny2009_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subtelny2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If someone preparing for the diaconate or priesthood wishes to marry, this must happen before ordination.

</p><p>In territories where Eastern traditions prevail, married clergy caused little controversy, but aroused opposition inside traditionally Latin Church territories to which Eastern Catholics migrated; this was particularly so in the United States. In response to requests from the Latin bishops of those countries, the <a href="Congregation_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith">Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith</a> set out rules in an 1890 letter to <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie-Benjamin_Richard" title="François-Marie-Benjamin Richard">François-Marie-Benjamin Richard</a>, <a href="Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">archbishop of Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the Congregation applied on 1 May 1897 to the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that only celibates or widowed priests coming without their children should be permitted in the United States.

</p><p>This celibacy mandate for Eastern Catholic priests in the United States was restated with special reference to <a href="Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenians</a> by the 1 March 1929 decree <i>Cum data fuerit</i>, which was renewed for a further ten years in 1939. Dissatisfaction by many Ruthenian Catholics in the United States gave rise to the <a href="American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese" title="American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mandate, which applied in some other countries also, was removed by a decree of June 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While most Eastern Catholic Churches admit married men to ordination as priests (although not allowing priests <a href="Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">to marry</a> after ordination), some have adopted mandatory clerical celibacy, as in the Latin Church. These include the India-based Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and Syro-Malabar Catholic Church,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galadza_2010_303_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galadza_2010_303-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2014, <a href="Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> approved new norms for married clergy within Eastern Catholic Churches through <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> canon 758 § 3. The new norms abrogated previous norms and now allow those Eastern Catholic Churches with married clergy to ordain married men inside traditionally Latin territories and to grant <a href="Faculty_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (instrument)">faculties</a> inside traditionally Latin territories to married Eastern Catholic clergy previously ordained elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-AAS_106-6_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS_106-6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latter change will allow married Eastern Catholic priests to follow their faithful to whatever country they may immigrate to, addressing an issue which has arisen with the exodus of so many Christians from Eastern Europe and the Middle East in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-VaticanInsider_2014-11-15_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaticanInsider_2014-11-15-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Eastern_Catholic_churches">List of Eastern Catholic churches</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members#Catholicism_–_1.329_billion" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">List of Christian denominations by number of members § Catholicism – 1.329 billion</a></div>

<p>The Holy See's <i><a href="Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i> gives the following list of Eastern Catholic churches with the principal <a href="Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of each and the countries (or larger political areas) where they have <a href="Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">ecclesiastical jurisdiction</a>, to which are here added the date of union or foundation in parentheses and the membership in brackets. The total membership for all Eastern Catholic churches is at least 18,047,000 people.

</p>

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</style>

<caption>Eastern Catholic Churches<br>

Jurisdiction and bishop numbers from GCatholic<sup id="cite_ref-gcatholic_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gcatholic-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (current as of July 9, 2019)<br>

Membership numbers from <i>Annuario Pontificio</i> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Recognition

</th>

<th>Rite

</th>

<th>Seat

</th>

<th>Polity

</th>

<th>Jurisdictions

</th>

<th>Bishops

</th>

<th>Members

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1741

</td>

<td rowspan="3"><a href="Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Egypt" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Egypt">Cathedral of Our Lady</a>, <a href="Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Eritrean_Catholic_Church_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eritrean_Catholic_Church-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>2015

</td>

<td><a href="Kidane_Mehret_Cathedral" title="Kidane Mehret Cathedral">Kidane Mehret Cathedral</a>, <a href="Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, <a href="Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1846

</td>

<td><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattedrale_della_Nativit%C3%A0_della_Beata_Vergine_Maria_(Addis_Abeba)" class="extiw external" title="it:Cattedrale della Natività della Beata Vergine Maria (Addis Abeba)">Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, <a href="Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1742

</td>

<td><a href="Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_Saint_Elias_and_Saint_Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory the Illuminator">Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory</a>, <a href="Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1628

</td>

<td rowspan="14"><a href="Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Pro-Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_and_Saint_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Louis">Pro-Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Louis</a>, <a href="Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Apostolic_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic administrator">Apostolic administration</a> (<a href="Apostolic_Administration_of_Southern_Albania" title="Apostolic Administration of Southern Albania">southern Albania</a>)</td>

<td>-

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td><i>Apostolic Administration</i></td>

<td>-

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1861

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_the_Dormition%2C_Sofia" title="Cathedral of the Dormition, Sofia">Cathedral of the Dormition</a>, <a href="Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a> (<a href="Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Sofia" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Eparchy of Sofia">Sofia</a>)</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1140">: 1140 </span></sup>

</td>

<td>1611

</td>

<td><i>several</i><sup id="cite_ref-kriz_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kriz-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><i>no unified structure</i><sup id="cite_ref-kriz_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kriz-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek Byzantine Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1911

</td>

<td><i>several</i><sup id="cite_ref-greek_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><i>no unified structure</i><sup id="cite_ref-greek_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1912

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_Hajd%C3%BAdorog" title="Cathedral of Hajdúdorog">Cathedral of Hajdúdorog</a>, <a href="Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a> (<a href="Hungarian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Hajd%C3%BAdorog" title="Hungarian Catholic Archeparchy of Hajdúdorog">Hajdúdorog</a>)</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

</td>

<td><i>several</i><sup id="cite_ref-italo_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-italo-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><i>no unified structure</i><sup id="cite_ref-italo_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-italo-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>2001

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_of_Blessed_Virgin_Mary%2C_Strumica" title="Cathedral of the Assumption of Blessed Virgin Mary, Strumica">Cathedral of the Assumption</a>, <a href="Strumica" title="Strumica">Strumica</a>, <a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a> (<a href="Macedonian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_in_Strumica-Skopje" title="Macedonian Catholic Eparchy of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Strumica-Skopje">Strumica-Skopje</a>)</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1726

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Dormition" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition">Cathedral of the Dormition</a>, <a href="Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1698

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity%2C_Blaj" title="Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Blaj">Cathedral of the Holy Trinity</a>, <a href="Blaj" title="Blaj">Blaj</a>, <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Major_archiepiscopal_church" title="Major archiepiscopal church">Major archiepiscopate</a> (<a href="Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99_and_Alba_Iulia" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Major Archeparchy of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia">Făgăraș and Alba Iulia</a>)</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1905

</td>

</td>

<td>-

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a></b> (Also known as the <b>Byzantine Catholic Church</b> in the United States)

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="St._John_the_Baptist_Byzantine_Catholic_Cathedral_(Pittsburgh)" title="St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cathedral (Pittsburgh)">Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist</a>, <a href="Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist%2C_Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist, Prešov">Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist</a>, <a href="Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a>, <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a> (<a href="Slovak_Catholic_Metropolitan_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Slovak Catholic Metropolitan Archeparchy of Prešov">Prešov</a>)</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_the_Resurrection_of_Christ%2C_Kyiv" title="Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ, Kyiv">Cathedral of the Resurrection</a>, <a href="Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Major_archiepiscopal_church" title="Major archiepiscopal church">Major archiepiscopate</a> (<a href="Ukrainian_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Kyiv%E2%80%93Galicia" title="Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv–Galicia">Kyiv–Galicia</a>)</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a>, <a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1923 (present hierarchy)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Mount Saint Thomas, <a href="Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="India" title="India">India</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Major_archiepiscopal_church" title="Major archiepiscopal church">Major archiepiscopate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Antiochene Syriac Maronite Church</a></b>

</td>

<td data-sort-value="0325"><i>est. Seventh C.</i> <br> reentered communion 1154<sup id="cite_ref-Attwater_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwater-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td rowspan="3"><a href="West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Church of Bkerké, Bkerké</a>, <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1781

</td>

<td><a href="Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul" title="Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul">Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul</a>, <a href="Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td><b><a href="Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a></b>

</td>

<td>1930

</td>

<td><a href="Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary%2C_Pattom" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom">Cathedral of Saint Mary</a>, <a href="Pattom" title="Pattom">Pattom</a>, <a href="Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="India" title="India">India</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Major_archiepiscopal_church" title="Major archiepiscopal church">Major archiepiscopate</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>Other

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><i>various</i><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><i>several</i><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><a href="Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholic_faithful" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful">Ordinariates</a></td>

</td></tr>

<th><span>Total</span>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

</th>

</th>

</th></tr></tbody></table>

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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except as otherwise indicated for the Albanian, Belarusian, and Russian Churches.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically, in <a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, <a href="Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Eastern Catholicism</a> thrived as a <a href="Georgian_Byzantine-Rite_Catholics" title="Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholics">unique branch</a> of the greater Catholic ecumene, when in 1861, <a href="Mekhitarists" title="Mekhitarists">ex-Mekhistarist</a> priest <a href="Peter_Kharischirashvili" title="Peter Kharischirashvili">Peter Kharischirashvili</a> founded the <a href="Congregation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception#Servites_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of the Immaculate Conception">Servites of the Immaculate Conception</a> in <a href="Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. However, the <a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalinist</a> purges in the 1920s and 1930s essentially eradicated the eclassiastical independence of the community, and the remaining members lived only until the late 1950s. Today, Catholics in Georgia adhere to the <a href="Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Latin</a> and <a href="Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a> rites instead of the <a href="Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a> one, composed mostly of ethnic <a href="Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> and <a href="Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kriz-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kriz_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kriz_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia comprises two jurisdictions: <a href="Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Kri%C5%BEevci" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci</a> covering <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, and <a href="Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Ruski_Krstur" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur</a> covering <a href="Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. The Eparchy of Križevci is in foreign province, and the Eparchy of Ruski Krstur is immediately subject to the Holy See.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-greek-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greek_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greek_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greek Byzantine Catholic Church comprises two independent <a href="Apostolic_exarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic exarchate">apostolic exarchates</a> covering <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> respectively, each immediately subject to the Holy See.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-italo-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-italo_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-italo_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Italo-Albanian Greek Catholic Church comprises two independent eparchies (based in <a href="Lungro" title="Lungro">Lungro</a> and <a href="Piana_degli_Albanesi" title="Piana degli Albanesi">Piana degli Albanesi</a>) and one <a href="Territorial_abbacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial abbacy">territorial abbacy</a> (based in <a href="Grottaferrata" title="Grottaferrata">Grottaferrata</a>), each immediately subject to the Holy See.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Kiro_Stojanov" title="Kiro Stojanov">Kiro Stojanov</a> serves as bishop of the Macedonian Eparchy of the Assumption in addition to his primary duties as the Latin Church bishop of Skopje, and so GCatholic only counts him as a Latin Church bishop.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-russ-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russ_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Russian Greek Catholic Church comprises two <a href="Apostolic_exarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic exarchate">apostolic exarchates</a> (one for <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and one for <a href="China" title="China">China</a>), each immediately subject to the Holy See and each vacant for decades. Bishop <a href="Joseph_Werth" title="Joseph Werth">Joseph Werth</a> of <a href="Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Transfiguration_at_Novosibirsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Transfiguration at Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> has been appointed by the Holy See as ordinary to the Eastern Catholic faithful in Russia, although not as exarch of the dormant apostolic exarchate and without the creation of a formal ordinariate.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ruthenian Catholic Church does not have a unified structure. It includes a Metropolia based in Pittsburgh, which covers the entire United States, but also an eparchy in Ukraine and an apostolic exarchate in the Czech Republic, both of which are directly subject to the Holy See.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Five of the ordinariates for Eastern Catholics are multi-ritual, encompassing the faithful of all Eastern Catholicism within their territory not otherwise subject to a local ordinary of their own rite. The <a href="Ordinariate_for_Byzantine-Rite_Catholics_in_Austria" title="Ordinariate for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria">sixth</a> is exclusively Byzantine, but covers all Byzantine Catholics in Austria, no matter which particular Byzantine Church they belong to.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The six ordinariates are based in <a href="Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_Argentina" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Argentina">Buenos Aires (Argentina)</a>, <a href="Ordinariate_for_Byzantine-rite_Catholics_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria">Vienna (Austria)</a>, <a href="Ordinariate_for_the_Faithful_of_Eastern_Rites_in_Brazil" title="Ordinariate for the Faithful of Eastern Rites in Brazil">Belo Horizonte (Brazil)</a>, <a href="Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_France" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France">Paris (France)</a>, <a href="Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_Poland" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Poland">Warsaw (Poland)</a>, and <a href="Ordinariate_for_the_Faithful_of_Eastern_Rite_in_Spain" title="Ordinariate for the Faithful of Eastern Rite in Spain">Madrid (Spain)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Technically, each of these ordinariates has an ordinary who is a bishop, but all of the bishops are Latin bishops whose primary assignment is to a Latin see.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution">Persecution</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Eastern_Catholic_victims_of_Soviet_persecutions" title="Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions">Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions</a></div>

<p>A study by Methodios Stadnik states: "The Georgian Byzantine Catholic Exarch, Fr. Shio Batmanishviii [<i><a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], and two Georgian Catholic priests of the Latin Church were executed by the Soviet authorities in 1937 after having been held in captivity in Solovki prison and the northern gulags from 1923."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Zugger writes, in <i>The Forgotten</i>: "By 1936, the <a href="Georgian_Byzantine-Rite_Catholics" title="Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholics">Byzantine Catholic Church of Georgia</a> had two communities, served by a bishop and four priests, with 8,000 believers", and he identifies the bishop as Shio Batmalashvili.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasyl Ovsiyenko mentions, on the <a href="Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union" title="Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union">Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union</a> website, that "the Catholic administrator for Georgia Shio Batmalashvili" was one of those executed as "anti-Soviet elements" in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Zugger calls Batmalashvili a bishop; Stadnik is ambiguous, calling him an exarch but giving him the title of Father; Ovsiyenko merely refers to him as "the Catholic administrator" without specifying whether he was a bishop or a priest and whether he was in charge of a Latin or a Byzantine jurisdiction.

</p><p>If Batmalashvili was an <i>exarch</i>, and not instead a bishop connected with the Latin <a href="Diocese_of_Tiraspol_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Tiraspol (Russia)">diocese of Tiraspol</a>, which had its seat at <a href="Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> on the <a href="Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, to which Georgian Catholics even of Byzantine rite belonged <sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this would mean that a Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholic Church existed, even if only as a local particular Church. However, since the establishment of a new hierarchical jurisdiction must be published in <i><a href="Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i>, and no mention of the setting up of such a jurisdiction for Byzantine Georgian Catholics exists in that official gazette of the Holy See, the claim appears to be unfounded.

</p><p>The 1930s editions of <i>Annuario Pontificio</i> do not mention Batmalashvili. If indeed he was a bishop, he may then have been one of those secretly ordained for the service of the Church in the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by French Jesuit Bishop <a href="Michel_d'Herbigny" title="Michel d'Herbigny">Michel d'Herbigny</a>, who was president of the Pontifical Commission for Russia from 1925 to 1934. In the circumstances of that time, the Holy See would have been incapable of setting up a new Byzantine exarchate within the Soviet Union, since Greek Catholics in the Soviet Union were being forced to join the <a href="Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>.

</p><p>Batmalashvili's name is not among those given in as the four "underground" apostolic administrators (only one of whom appears to have been a bishop) for the four sections into which the diocese of Tiraspol was divided after the resignation in 1930 of its already exiled last bishop, <a href="Josef_Alois_Kessler" title="Josef Alois Kessler">Josef Alois Kessler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This source gives Father Stefan Demurow as <a href="Apostolic_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administrator">apostolic administrator</a> of "Tbilisi and Georgia" and says he was executed in 1938. Other sources associate Demurow with <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and say that, rather than being executed, he died in a <a href="Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> <a href="Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Until 1994, the United States <a href="Annual_publication" title="Annual publication">annual publication</a> <i>Catholic Almanac</i> listed "Georgian" among the Greek Catholic churches.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until corrected in 1995, it appears to have been also making a mistake about the Czech Greek Catholics.

</p><p>There was a short-lived Greek Catholic movement among the ethnic Estonians in the Orthodox Church in Estonia during the <a href="Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> of the 20th century, consisting of two to three parishes, not raised to the level of a local particular church with its own head. This group was liquidated by the Soviet regime and is now extinct.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_world">Muslim world</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christianity in the Middle East</a>, <a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a>, and <a href="Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by ISIL">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a></div>

<p>Muslim persecution of Christians dates back to the founding of Islam. Countries in which Christians have suffered acute discrimination, persecution and often death include: <a href="Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="Palestinian_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Territories">Palestinian Territories</a>, <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, and <a href="North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a> and <a href="Alexis_Toth" title="Alexis Toth">Alexis Toth</a></div>

<p>While not subject to the kind of physical dangers or persecution from government authorities encountered in Eastern Europe or the Middle East, adherents of Eastern Catholic Churches in United States, most of whom were relatively new immigrants from Eastern Europe, encountered difficulties due to hostility from the Latin Church clergy who dominated the Catholic hierarchy in United States who found them alien. In particular, immigration of Eastern Catholic priests who were married, common in their churches but extremely rare in Latin churches, was forbidden or severely limited and some Latin Church bishops actively interfered with the pastoral work of those who did arrive. Some bishops sought to forbid all non-Latin Catholic priests from coming to United States at all. Many Eastern Catholic immigrants to United States were thus either assimilated into the Latin Church or joined the Eastern Orthodox Church. One former Eastern Catholic priest, Alexis Toth, left the Catholic Church following criticism and sanctions from Latin authorities including <a href="John_Ireland_(bishop)" title="John Ireland (bishop)">John Ireland</a>, the Bishop of <a href="Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis">Saint Paul</a>, and joining the Orthodox Church. Toth has been canonized as an Eastern Orthodox saint for having led as many as 20,000 disaffected former Eastern Catholics to the Orthodox Church, particularly the <a href="American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese" title="American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese</a>.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern Catholic canon law</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Eastern_Catholic_seminaries" title="List of Eastern Catholic seminaries">List of Eastern Catholic seminaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Catholic Church and ecumenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some historical cases, they are referred to as <i>Uniates</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Catholic ministers licitly administer the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick to members of Eastern churches which do not have full communion with the Catholic Church if they seek such on their own accord and are properly disposed. This is also valid for members of other Churches which in the judgment of the Apostolic See have the same beliefs in regard to the sacraments as these Eastern Churches"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Catholic Church is also called the Roman Church to emphasize that the centre of unity, which is essential for the Universal Church, is the Roman See"<sup id="cite_ref-OBrien1901_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBrien1901-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples of the use of "<a href="Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Roman Catholic Church</a>" by popes, even when not addressing members of non-Catholic churches, are the encyclicals <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri_en.html"><i>Divini illius Magistri</i></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html"><i>Humani generis</i></a>, and <a href="Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>'s address at the 26 June 1985 general audience, in which he treated "Roman Catholic Church" as synonymous with "Catholic Church".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Roman Catholic Church" is repeatedly used to refer to the whole Church in communion with the see of Rome, including Eastern Catholics, in official documents concerning dialogue between the Church as a whole (not just the Western part) and groups outside her fold. Examples of such documents can be found at the links on the Vatican website under the heading <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/index.htm">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a>. The <a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> presently does not use "Roman Catholic Church" to refer only to the Western or Latin Church. In the <a href="First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V1.HTM#4">Dogmatic Constitution <i>de fide catholica</i></a>, the phrase <i>the Holy, Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman Church</i> (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sancta catholica apostolica Romana ecclesia</i></span></i>) also refers to something other than the Latin or Western Church.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some Eastern Catholics who use the Byzantine liturgical rite and call themselves "Byzantine Catholics" deny that they are "Roman Catholics", using this word to mean either Catholics who use the Roman Rite or perhaps the whole Latin Church, including those parts that use the <a href="Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a> or other non-Roman liturgical rites: "We're Byzantine rite, which is Catholic, but not Roman Catholic" <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term was used by the <a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, for example, <a href="Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> in <i>Ex quo primum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> consistently used the term <i>Uniat</i> to refer to Eastern Catholics, stating: "The 'Uniat Church' is therefore really synonymous with 'Eastern Churches united to Rome', and 'Uniats' is synonymous with 'Eastern Christians united with Rome'.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the third sitting of the Council, Julian, after mutual congratulations, showed that the principal points of dispute between the Greeks and Latins were in the doctrine (a) on the procession of the <a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a>, (b) on <a href="Azymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Azymes">azymes</a> in the Eucharist, (c) on purgatory, and (d) on the Papal supremacy"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ritus praestantior</i></span></i> means "preeminent rite" or "more excelling rite".</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full description is in <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> canons 42 to 54.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of the petition and the granting of ecclesiastical communion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/the-beautiful-witness-of-the-eastern-catholic-churches/">"The beautiful witness of the Eastern Catholic Churches"</a>. <i>Catholic Herald</i>. 7 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929010556/https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/the-beautiful-witness-of-the-eastern-catholic-churches/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/exarmal/docs/annuarioorientale_-_2023_pdf">"Annuario Orientale Cattolico - 2023 by Vartan Waldir Boghossian EXARMAL - Issuu"</a>. <i>issuu.com</i>. 2023-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Yurkus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yurkus_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYurkus2005" class="citation web cs1">Yurkus, Kevin (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825193236/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/the-other-catholics-a-short-guide-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches.html">"The Other Catholics: A Short Guide to the Eastern Catholic Churches"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/the-other-catholics-a-short-guide-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches.html">the original</a> on 2019-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LaBanca-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaBanca_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaBanca2019" class="citation web cs1">LaBanca, Nicholas (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.ascensionpress.com/2019/01/21/the-other-23-catholic-churches-and-why-they-exist/">"The Other Catholics: A Short Guide to the Eastern Catholic Churches-The Other 23 Catholic Churches and Why They Exist"</a>. <i>Ascension Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-2_lt.html#TITULUS_XVI">canon 671 §3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130144307/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-2_lt.html#TITULUS_XVI">Archived</a> November 30, 2012, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> cf. <abbr title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983<span class="nowrap"> </span>CIC</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2T.HTM">canon 844 §3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151221023647/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2T.HTM">Archived</a> December 21, 2015, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParryDavid_Melling1999" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; David Melling, eds. (1999). <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-631-23203-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canonlaw.info/masterpageEastern.htm">"Master Page on Eastern Canon Law (1990)"</a>. <i>www.canonlaw.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCaridi2018" class="citation web cs1">Caridi, Cathy (April 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canonlawmadeeasy.com/2018/04/05/becoming-an-eastern-catholic/">"Becoming (Or at Least Marrying) an Eastern Catholic"</a>. <i>Canon Law Made Easy</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OBrien1901-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OBrien1901_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1901" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Brien, Thomas J., ed. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JioPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA70">"An Advanced Catechism of Catholic Faith and Practice: Based Upon the Third Plenary Council Catechism, for Use in the Higher Grades of Catholic Schools"</a>. <i>An advanced catechism of Catholic faith and practice: based upon The Third Plenary Council Catechism</i>. Akron, OH; Chicago, IL: D. H. McBride. n. 133. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669694820">669694820</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1985" class="citation speech cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pope John Paul II (1985-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1985/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_19850626_it.html"><i>[catechesis]</i></a> (Speech). General audience (in Italian).</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/News04/701040473">"Ukrainian church pastor honored"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG1199.HTM">"Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches"</a>. Intratext.com. 2007-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0758.HTM">"Codex canonum Ecclesiarium orientalium"</a>. Intratext.com. 2007-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CCEO-27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCEO-27_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PR.HTM">canon 27</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM">canon 28</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OE-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OE_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OE_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OE_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church._Second_Vatican_CouncilPope_Paul_VI1964" class="citation book cs1">Catholic Church. Second Vatican Council; Pope Paul VI (1964-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_en.html"><i>Orientalium Ecclesiarum</i></a>. Vatican City.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church._National_Council_of_Catholic_Bishops._Committee_on_the_relationship_between_Eastern_and_Latin_Catholic_Churches1999" class="citation book cs1">Catholic Church. National Council of Catholic Bishops. Committee on the relationship between Eastern and Latin Catholic Churches (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DLE53cyeLzcC"><i>Eastern Catholics in the United States of America</i></a>. Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57455-287-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Zagano2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zagano2006_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZagano2006" class="citation web cs1">Zagano, Phyllis (Jan 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517182136/http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac0106.asp">"What all Catholics should know about Eastern Catholic Churches"</a>. <i>americancatholic.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac0106.asp">the original</a> on May 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983<span class="nowrap"> </span>CIC</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3O.HTM">canon 1015 §2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402021547/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3O.HTM">Archived</a> April 2, 2007, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; see <abbr title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983<span class="nowrap"> </span>CIC</abbr> canons 450 §1, and 476.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OCA_Uniate-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OCA_Uniate_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/questions/romancatholicism/the-word-uniate">"The Word 'Uniate'<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>"</a>. <i>oca.org</i>. Syosset, NY: The Orthodox Church in America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617214648/http://oca.org/questions/romancatholicism/the-word-uniate">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016. <q>The term commonly refers to those Orthodox Christians who left Orthodoxy and acknowledged the jurisdiction of the Pope of Rome while retaining the rites and practices observed by Orthodoxy. [...] The term 'uniate' is seen as negative by such individuals, who are more commonly referred to as Catholics of the Byzantine Rite, Greek Catholics, Eastern Rite Catholics, Melkite Catholics, or any number of other titles.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CNEWA2011-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNEWA2011_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=54&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">"The Catholic Eastern Churches"</a>. <i>cnewa.org</i>. New York: <a href="Catholic_Near_East_Welfare_Association" title="Catholic Near East Welfare Association">Catholic Near East Welfare Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622004202/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=54&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2011. <q>It should be mentioned that in the past the Eastern Catholic churches were often referred to as 'Uniate' churches. Since the term is now considered derogatory, it is no longer used.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XIV1756" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> (1756-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5317972342?urlappend=%3Bseq=204"><i>Ex quo primum</i></a> (in Latin). Rome: Luxemburgi. n. 1. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fucm.5317972342?urlappend=%3Bseq=204">2027/ucm.5317972342</a>. <q>sive, uti vocant, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unitos" class="extiw external" title="wikt:unitos">Unitos</a></i>.</q></cite> Translated in <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/B14EXQUO.HTM">"On the Euchologion"</a>. <i>ewtn.com</i>. Irondale, AL: Eternal Word Television Network.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFVailhé1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vailhé, Siméon (1909). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Greek_Church" class="extiw external" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Greek Church">Greek Church</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSiecienski2019" class="citation book cs1">Siecienski, A. Edward (2019). <i>Orthodox Christianity: A Very Short Introduction</i>. <a href="Very_Short_Introductions" title="Very Short Introductions">Very Short Introductions</a>. <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 108.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2010" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Betty Jane & J. Marttin (November 12, 2010). <i>Who Are the Christians in the Middle East?</i>. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 90.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall1996" class="citation web cs1">Halsall, Paul (Jan 1996). Halsall, Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925085803/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/balsamon-cpl.html">"Caesaropapism?: Theodore Balsamon on the powers of the Patriarch of Constantinople"</a>. <i>fordham.edu</i>. Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/balsamon-cpl.html">the original</a> on 2014-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, Patrick (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/stmark_purg.aspx">"The Orthodox Response to the Latin Doctrine of Purgatory"</a>. <i>orthodoxinfo.com</i>. Patrick Barnes.</cite> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFOstroumov1861" class="citation book cs1">Ostroumov, Ivan N. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_IQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA40">"Opening of the council in Ferrara; private disputes on purgatory"</a>. In <a href="John_Mason_Neale" title="John Mason Neale">Neale, John M</a> (ed.). <i>The history of the Council of Florence</i>. Translated by Vasiliĭ Popov. London: J. Masters. p. 47. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794347635">794347635</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KugGDAAAQBAJ">Heresy and the Making of European Culture: Medieval and Modern Perspectives</a></i> at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> p. 42</span>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGeanakoplos1989" class="citation book cs1">Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989). <i>Constantinople and the West</i>. Madison, WI: <a href="University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-299-11880-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM">canon 28 §1</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Attwater-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Attwater_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attwater_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attwater_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Attwater1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Donald_Attwater" title="Donald Attwater">Donald Attwater</a> (1937). Joseph Husslein (ed.). <i>The Christian Churches of the East: Volume I: Churches in Communion With Rome</i>. <a href="Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>: Bruce Publishing Company.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-cnewa17-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnewa17_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoberson" class="citation web cs1">Roberson, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnewa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2017-Statistics.pdf">"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cnewa.org</i>. Catholic Near East Welfare Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoberson" class="citation web cs1">Roberson, Ronald G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020094357/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat16.pdf">"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Eastern Catholic Churches Statistics</i>. Catholic Near East Welfare Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat16.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-OrientaliumDignitas1894-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OrientaliumDignitas1894_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrientaliumDignitas1894_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Leo_XIII1894" class="citation web cs1">Pope Leo XIII (1894-11-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13orient.htm">"<i>Orientalium dignitas</i>"</a>. <i>papalencyclicals.net</i>. opening paragraph.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue2001" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (2001) [First published 1923]. Smith, George D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYbgJI7ghroC"><i>The Uniate Eastern Churches: the Byzantine rite in Italy, Sicily, Syria and Egypt</i></a>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 40. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9715986-3-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRemedios2022" class="citation journal cs1">Remedios, Matthew (22 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saeculumjournal.com/index.php/saeculum/article/view/39948">"Vatican II and Liturgical Reform in the Eastern Churches: The Paradox in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church"</a>. <i>Saeculum</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKlesko2023" class="citation web cs1">Klesko, Robert (12 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/blog/are-we-on-the-verge-of-an-eastern-catholic-moment">"Are We on the Verge of an Eastern Catholic Moment?"</a>. <i><a href="National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church._Second_Vatican_CouncilPope_Paul_VI1964" class="citation book cs1">Catholic Church. Second Vatican Council; Pope Paul VI (1964-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html"><i>Lumen gentium</i></a>. Vatican City. n. 23.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-UR-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UR_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church._Second_Vatican_CouncilPope_Paul_VI1964" class="citation book cs1">Catholic Church. Second Vatican Council; Pope Paul VI (1964-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_unitatis-redintegratio_en.html"><i>Unitatis Redintegratio</i></a>. Vatican City. nn. 14–17.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFBealCoridenGreen2000" class="citation book cs1">Beal, John P; Coriden, James A; Green, Thomas J, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YCpraE-7xcC&pg=PA1024"><i>New commentary on the Code of Canon Law</i></a> (study ed.). New York: Paulist Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8091-0502-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFJoint_international_commission_for_the_theological_dialogue_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Orthodox_Church" class="citation conference cs1">Joint international commission for the theological dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031223144638/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/ch_orthodox_docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930624_lebanon_en.html"><i>Uniatism, method of union of the past, and the present search for full communion</i></a>. Seventh plenary session of the joint international commission for theological dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. Balamand, Lebanon. June 17–24, 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/ch_orthodox_docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930624_lebanon_en.html">the original</a> on 2003-12-23.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2016/february/documents/papa-francesco_20160212_dichiarazione-comune-kirill.html">"Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia"</a>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Instruction1996-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Instruction1996_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Instruction1996_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Instruction1996_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCongregation_for_the_Eastern_Churches1996" class="citation book cs1">Congregation for the Eastern Churches (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/orientchurch/Istruzione/pdf/istruzione_inglese.pdf"><i>Instruction for applying the liturgical prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-88-209-2232-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P17.HTM">canon 43</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_INDEX.HTM">canons 42–54</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-canon_1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canon_1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P1.HTM">canon 1</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P49.HTM">canon 153</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P24.HTM">canon 76</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20060406_alessandria-copti_en.html">"Exchange of letters between Benedict XVI and His Beatitude Antonios Naguib"</a>. <a href="Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/druru.html">"Apostolic Exarchate of Russia"</a>. Catholic Hierarchy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkrby.html">"Diocese of Križevci"</a>. Catholic Hierarchy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dssby.html">"Eparchy of Beata Maria Vergine Assunta in Strumica-Skopje"</a>. Catholic Hierarchy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dalbm.html">"Apostolic Administration of Southern Albania"</a>. Catholic-hierarchy.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCongregation_for_the_doctrine_of_the_faith2000" class="citation book cs1">Congregation for the doctrine of the faith (2000-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401153744/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000630_chiese-sorelle_en.html"><i>Note on the expression 'sister Churches'</i></a>. n. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000630_chiese-sorelle_en.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-01.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism of the Catholic Church <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm">n. 1233</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCongregation_for_the_Oriental_Churches2003" class="citation web cs1">Congregation for the Oriental Churches (2003-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004919/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/orientchurch/profilo/rc_con_corient_pro_20030320_profile.html">"Profile"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/orientchurch/profilo/rc_con_corient_pro_20030320_profile.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM">canon 40</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJH.HTM#4">canon 701</a>. This English translation omits the word "<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">optabiliter</i></span></i>" of the original Latin text.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> canons <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PCJ.HTM">451</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PED.HTM">517 §2</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Galadza_2010_303-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galadza_2010_303_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galadza_2010_303_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGaladza2010" class="citation book cs1">Galadza, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA303">"Eastern Catholic Christianity"</a>. In Parry, Kenneth (ed.). <i>The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity</i>. Blackwell companions to religion. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 303. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4443-3361-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Subtelny2009-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Subtelny2009_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subtelny2009_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny2009" class="citation book cs1">Subtelny, Orest (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT119"><i>Ukraine: a history</i></a> (4th ed.). Toronto [u.a.]: <a href="University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">214–</span>219. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4426-9728-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church._Congregation_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith1890" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Catholic Church. Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (1890-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS%2024%20%5b1891-92%5d%20-%20ocr.pdf">"Fragmentum epistolae S. C. de Propaganda Fide diei 12 Maii 1890 ad Archiep. Parisien, de auctoritate Patriarcharum orientalium extra proprias Dioeceses ..."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Sanctae Sedis</i> (in Latin). <b>24</b> (<span class="nowrap">1890–</span>1891): <span class="nowrap">390–</span>391. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/565282294">565282294</a>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFNedungatt2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="George_Nedungatt" title="George Nedungatt">Nedungatt, George</a>, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1fEkAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Guide to the Eastern Code: A Commentary on the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i></a>. Rome: Oriental Institute Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788872103364</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Faris, John D., & Jobe Abbass, OFM Conv., eds. <i>A Practical Commentary to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i>, 2 vols. Montréal: Librairie Wilson & Lafleur, 2019.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat15.pdf">Eastern Catholic Church statistics 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607210107/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat15.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-06-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2006/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20061130_dichiarazione-comune.html">Common Declaration of Pope Benedict XVI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, 2006</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steliasmelkite.org/music/">Example of Eastern Catholic Chant in English</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sacraments,_rites,_and_liturgies_of_the_Catholic_Church634" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div id="Sacraments,_rites,_and_liturgies_of_the_Catholic_Church634" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a>, <a href="Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">rites</a>, and <a href="Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgies</a> of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baptism_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Catholic Church)">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Eucharistic liturgies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts">Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_Liturgy_of_St._Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great">Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom">Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Missa_cantata" title="Missa cantata">Missa Cantata</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">Solemn Mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">Pontifical High Mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Canonical hours</a>,<br><a href="Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgical hours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> (nighttime)</li>

<li><a href="Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a> (early morning)</li>

<li><a href="Prime_(liturgy)" title="Prime (liturgy)">Prime</a> (first hour of daylight)</li>

<li><a href="Terce" title="Terce">Terce</a> (third hour)</li>

<li><a href="None_(liturgy)" title="None (liturgy)">None</a> (ninth hour)</li>

<li><a href="Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> (sunset/evening)

<ul><li><a href="Evensong" title="Evensong">Evensong</a> (Anglican Use Vespers)</li>

<li><a href="Ramsha" title="Ramsha">Ramsha</a> (West Syriac Vespers)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a> (end of the day)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other liturgical services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asperges" title="Asperges">Asperges</a></li>

<li><a href="Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li>

<li><a href="Exorcism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Exorcism in the Catholic Church">Exorcism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_funeral" title="Catholic funeral">Funeral</a>

<ul><li><a href="Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li>

<li><a href="Procession#Catholic_Church" title="Procession">Procession</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">Liturgical literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a></li>

<li><a href="Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">Antiphonary</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">Book of hours</a></li>

<li><a href="Breviary" title="Breviary">Breviary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roman_Breviary" title="Roman Breviary">Roman Breviary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Customary_(liturgy)" title="Customary (liturgy)">Customary</a></li>

<li><a href="Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a></li>

<li><a href="Gradual" title="Gradual">Gradual</a></li>

<li><a href="Horologion" title="Horologion">Horologion</a></li>

<li><a href="Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divine_Worship%3A_Daily_Office" title="Divine Worship: Daily Office">Divine Worship: Daily Office</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordo_Exsequiarum_Romani_Pontificis" title="Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis">Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontifical" title="Pontifical">Pontifical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Roman Pontifical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a></li>

<li><a href="Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divine_Worship%3A_The_Missal" title="Divine Worship: The Missal">Divine Worship: The Missal</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tonary" title="Tonary">Tonary</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Sacramentary</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Liturgical language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Liturgical<br>rites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a><br>(<a href="Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin<br>liturgical rites</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>

<li><a href="Preconciliar_rites_after_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council">Extraordinary Form</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li>

<li>British

<ul><li><a href="Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><br>(<a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic<br>liturgy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a>

<ul><li><a href="West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syro-Malabaric_Rite" title="Syro-Malabaric Rite">Syro-Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACatholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a>

<ul><li>By country or region</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a>

<ul><li><a href="Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br>(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br><a href="Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>

<ul><li><a href="Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li>

<li><a href="Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li>

<li><a href="Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li>

<li><a href="Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br>(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br>(180–451)<br><a href="State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br>state church</a><br>(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>

<ul><li><a href="Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_St._Peter's_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li>

<li><a href="Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li>

<li><a href="Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li>

<li><a href="Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li>

<li><a href="Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li>

<li><a href="John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li>

<li><a href="European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirty_Years'_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br><a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li>

<li><a href="Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li>

<li><a href="Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li>

<li><a href="Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li>

<li><a href="Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a>

<li><a href="Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Laudato_si'" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AVatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACatholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church1469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div id="Catholic_Church1469" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br><small><a href="Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br><a href="Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br><a href="Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li>

<li><a href="Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li>

<li><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li>

<li><a href="Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li>

<li><a href="Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Thirty_Years'_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br><small><a href="Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br><a href="Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br><i><a href="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General125" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li>

<li>Official Bible

<ul><li><a href="Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a>

<ul><li><a href="One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li>

<li><a href="People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Churches_Militant%2C_Penitent%2C_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy%2C_theology%2C_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a>

<ul><li><a href="Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy%2C_theology%2C_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a>

<ul><li><a href="Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a>

<li><a href="Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li>

<li><a href="Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li>

<li><a href="Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li>

<li><a href="Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li>

<li><a href="Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li>

<li><a href="Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br><small><a href="Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br><a href="Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br><a href="Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br><a href="Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br><a href="Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br>(<a href="List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li>

<li><a href="College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a>

<li><a href="Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li>

<li><a href="Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li>

<li><a href="St._Peter's_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a>

<ul><li><a href="Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li>

<li><a href="Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li>

<li><a href="Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li>

<li><a href="Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li>

<li><a href="Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li>

<li><a href="Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li>

<li><a href="Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li>

<li><a href="Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li>

<li><a href="Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li>

<li><a href="Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li>

<li><a href="Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li>

<li><a href="Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a>

<ul><li><a href="Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a>

<li><a href="Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li>

<li><a href="Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a>

<ul><li><a href="Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li>

<li><a href="Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li>

<li><a href="Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br><i><a href="Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li>

<li><a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li>

<li><a href="Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a>

<li><a href="Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li>

<li>Music</li>

<li><a href="Orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Press">Vatican Press</a></li>

<li><i><a href="L'Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br><a href="Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li>

<li><a href="Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li>

<li><a href="Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li>

<li><a href="Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li>

<li><a href="Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li>

<li><a href="Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li>

<li><a href="Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li>

<li><a href="Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li>

<li><a href="Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li>

<li><a href="Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li>

<li><a href="Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li>

<li><a href="Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li>

<li><a href="Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li>

<li><a href="Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li>

<li><a href="Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li>

<li><a href="Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li>

<li><a href="Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li>

<li><a href="Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li>

<li><a href="Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li>

<li><a href="Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li>

<li><a href="Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li>

<li><a href="Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br>of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a>

<li><a href="Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a>

<ul><li><a href="Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li>

<li><a href="Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a>

<ul><li><a href="Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li>

<li><a href="Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li>

<li><a href="Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_of_Sant'Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li>

<li><a href="Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li>

<li><a href="Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li>

<li><a href="Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li>

<li><a href="Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li>

<li><a href="CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACatholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Eastern_Christianity389" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main <br>divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><i>Christ Pantocrator</i> (circa 1261) in <a href="Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li>

<li>Heresies

<ul><li><a href="Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a>

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li>

<li><a href="Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus'" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>

<ul><li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li>

<li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms

<ul><li><a href="15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li>

<li><a href="1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li>

<li><a href="Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li>

<li><a href="Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li>

<li><a href="Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li>

<li><a href="Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li>

<li><a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li>

<li><a href="Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li>

<li><a href="Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li>

<li><a href="Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br><a href="List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br>(<a href="Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br>(<a href="Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br>Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li>

<li><a href="Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li>

<li><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirty_Years'_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br>(<a href="List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li>

<li><a href="Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li>

<li><a href="Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li>

<li><a href="Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li>

<li><a href="Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li>

<li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li>

<li><a href="Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li>

<li><a href="Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li>

<li><a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li>

<li><a href="One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li>

<li><a href="People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li>

<li><a href="Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a>

<li><a href="Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li>

<li><a href="Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>

<li><a href="Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li>

<li><a href="Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li>

<li><a href="Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a>

<ul><li><a href="Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br>features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li>

<li><a href="Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li>

<li><a href="Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li>

<li><a href="Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li>

<li><a href="Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li>

<li><a href="Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li>

<li><a href="Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li>

<li><a href="Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li>

<li><a href="Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li>

<li><a href="World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li>

<li><a href="Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AChristianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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